Most crystalline materials are polycrystals, such as metals. They are composed of many small crystalline grains with different lattice orientations. The interface between two crystalline grains, i.e., ...

The outstanding mechanical properties of pristine graphene, such as an extremely high Young's modulus of around 1 TPa and a high breaking strength of 130 GPa 1, along with its spectacular electronic ...

Strengthening of metals through nanoscale grain boundaries and coherent twin boundaries is manifested by a maximum strength—a phenomenon known as Hall–Petch breakdown. Different softening mechanisms ...